High stability crystal oscillators are usually relative low frequency such as 10 MHz (or 100 ns resolution). Typically a TDC uses a crystal oscillator reference frequency for good long term stability. The accuracy of the measurement depends upon the stability of the clock frequency. To get finer resolution, a faster clock is needed. In that approach, the measurement is an integer number of clock cycles, so the measurement is quantized to a clock period. When an event occurs, the counter's value is captured in an output register. The current contents of the counter represents the current time. In its simplest implementation, a TDC is simply a high- frequency counter that increments every clock cycle. If the required time resolution is not high, then counters can be used to make the conversion. Ī CMOS (rotary) traveling wave oscillator or delay line or distributed amplifier runs at a flip-flop compatible frequency, but has sharper edges and sub-edge resolution This pattern is seen in many physical experiments, like time-of-flight and lifetime measurements in atomic and high energy physics, experiments that involve laser ranging and electronic research involving the testing of integrated circuits and high-speed data transfer. Measurement is started and stopped when the rising or falling edge of a signal pulse crosses a set threshold. TDCs are used to determine the time interval between two signal pulses (known as start and stop pulse). In some cases interpolating TDCs are also called time counters (TCs). In electronics time-to-digital converters (TDCs) or time digitizers are devices commonly used to measure a time interval and convert it into digital (binary) output. Some applications wish to measure the time interval between two events rather than some notion of an absolute time. For example, a TDC might output the time of arrival for each incoming pulse. In electronic instrumentation and signal processing, a time-to-digital converter ( TDC) is a device for recognizing events and providing a digital representation of the time they occurred. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( May 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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